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Causatives The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something. This page will explain how causatives are formed, and how to use them. Basic causative structures There are two basic causative structures. One is like an active, and the other is like a passive. These examples use the causative verb "have": I had John fix the car. (I arranged for the car to be fixed by John -- I caused him to fix it.) I had the car fixed. (I arranged for the car to be fixed by someone. We dont know who, so this is like a passive.) The active causative structure This is the basic structure of the active form, along with some more examples: Subject Causative verb Agent Action verb Object Susan had her brother do her homework. The police had the suspect stop his car. We had the carpenter fix our window. The passive causative structure In the passive form, there is usually no agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it: Subject Causative verb Object Action verb We had our door fixed. Yukiko had her hair cut. Sanjay had the windows cleaned. Other causative verbs All the examples above use the causative verb "have". However, many other verbs can be used in causatives. In the active form, som of these verbs require the action verb to have "to" before it. These are some examples of the most common causative verbs. Verb Meaning Form of Action Verb Examples Make force, compel plain form The robbers made us lie on the floor. [No passive form] Get same as "have" "to" form I got Jae Won to pick me up in the car. She got her hair cut. Let allow plain form Ill let you borrow my bike. [No passive Causative (Make, Get, Have, Let, Help) (1) Causative Make - make can be used as a causative - Use verb word after a person or thing (No infinitive,No -ing form) * make + person + verb word * make + thing + verb word (ex) I make this radio work. (ex) I can make your friend work part time in this summer vacation. (2) Causative Get - get can be used as a causative - Use an infinitive after a person and use a participle after thing (No verb word) * get + person + infinitive * get + thing + participle (ex) I got my friend to help this homework. (ex) I get my house repaired before this winter. (3) Causative Have - have can be used as a causative - Use verb word after a person and use a participle after thing * have + person + verb word * have + thing + participle (ex) I have my car fixed. (ex) My English teacher had me give oral speaking. (4) Causative Let - let can be used as a causative - let means a person gives permission for another person to do it. - Use a verb word after a person or thing (No -ing form, No infinitive) * let + person + verb word * let + thing + verb word (ex) I can let this car cool. (ex) Would you let me join your party? (5) Causative Help - help can be used as a causative - let means a person assists another person to do it. - Use a verb word or infinitive after a person (No -ing form) * help + person + infinitive = help + person + verb word (ex) I helped her to pack the luggage. (ex) Would you help me
