Indirect Speech[FrmTR Ödev Tim]

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INDIRECT SPEECH QUOTED SPEECH Sometimes we want to quote a speaker’s word’s – to write a speaker’s exact words. Exact quotations are used in man kinds of writing, suck as newspaper articles, stories and novels, and academic papers. When we quote a speaker’s word’s, we use quotation marks. SPEAKER: SPEAKER’S EXACT WORDS QUOTING THE SPEAKER’S WORDS Jane: Cats are fun to watch. (a) Jane says ‘Cats are fun to watch.’ Mike: Yes, I agree. They’re graceful and (b) mike says ‘Yes, I agree. They’re graceful and Playful. Do you own a cat? Playful. Do you own a cat?’ 1. Put a comma after said. Jane said, 2. Put quotation marks. Jane said, ‘ 3. Capitalize the first word of the quotation Jane said, ‘C 4. Write the quotation. Put a final period. Jane said, ‘Cats are fun to watch. 5. Put quotation marksafter the period. Jane said, ‘Cats are fun to watch.’ 6. When there are two sentences in a quotation, put the quotation marks at the beginning and end of the whole quote. Do not put quotation marks around each sentence. 7. As with a period, put the quotation marks after a question mark at the end of a quote. Mike said, ‘Yes, I agree. They’re graceful and playful. Do you own a cat?’ INCORRECT: Mike said, ‘Yes, I agree.’ ‘They’re graceful and playful.’ ‘Do you own a cat?’ EXERCISE: Write sentences in which quote the speaker’s exact words. Use said. 1. ANN: My sister is a student. Ann said, ‘My sister is a student.’ 2. JANNIFER: We are hungry. Jennifer said, ‘We are hungry.’ 3. JANNIFER: We are hungry. Are you hungry? Jennifer said, ‘We are hungry. Are you hungry?’ 4. THE FOX: I’m going to eat you. The fox said, ‘I’m going to eat you.’ 5. THE RABBIT: You have to catch me first! The rabbit said, ‘You have to catch me first!’ QUOTED SPEECH vs. REPORTED SPEECH QOUTED SPEECH: Quoted speech to reproducing another person’s exact words. Quotation marks are used REPORTED SPEECH: Reported speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s exact words. Not all of the exact words are used: verb forms and pronouns may change. Quotation marks are not used. QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH (a) Ann said, ‘I’m hungry.’ (c) Ann said that she was hungry. (b) Tom said, ‘I need my pen.’ (d) Tom said that he needed his pen. Notice in the examples: The verb forms and pronouns change from quoted speech to reported speech VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH: FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES FORMAL: If the main verb of the sentences is in the past, the verb in the noun clause is usually also in a past form.* Notice the verb of form changes in the examples below. QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH (a) He said, ‘I work hard’ He said (that) he worked hard. (b) He said, ‘I am working hard’ He said (that) he was working hard. (c) He said, ‘I have worked hard’ He said (that) he had worked hard. (d) He said, ‘I worked hard’ He said (that) he had worked hard. (e) He said, ‘I am going to work hard’ He said (that) he was going to worked hard. (f) He said, ‘I will work hard’ He said (that) he would work hard. (g) He said, ‘I can work hard’ He said (that) he could work hard. (h) He said, ‘I may work hard’ He said (that) he might work hard. (i) He said, ‘I have to work hard’ He said (that) he had to work hard. (j) He said, ‘I must work hard’ He said (that) he had to work hard. (k) He said, ‘I should work hard’ He said (that) he should work hard. (l) He said, ‘I ought to work hard’ He said (that) he ought to work hard. INFORMAL: Sometimes, especially in speaking, the verb in the noun clause is not change if the speaker is reporting sometimes immediately or soon after it was said. EXERCISE: Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Change the verb in quoted speech to a past form in reported speech as appropriate.