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magna carta

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Magna Carta ( for "Great Charter", literally "Great Paper"), also called Magna Carta Libertatum ("Great Charter of Freedoms"), is an originally issued in . Magna Carta was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of today. Magna Carta influenced many documents, such as the and , and is considered one of the most important legal documents in the .
Magna Carta was originally created because of disagreements between , and his about the of the . Magna Carta required the king to renounce certain rights, respect certain and accept that the of the king could be . Many clauses were renewed throughout the Middle Ages, and further during the and periods, and the 17th and 18th centuries. By the early 19th century most clauses had been from .
There are a number of popular misconceptions about Magna Carta, such as that it was the first document to limit the power of an English king by law (it was not the first, and was partly based on the ); that it in practice limited the power of the king (it mostly did not in the ); and that it is a single static document (it is a variety of documents referred to under a common name).
Events leading to Magna Carta

One of the certified copies of Magna Carta made in 1215.
After the in and advances in the , the English king had by become the most powerful in Europe. This was due to a number of factors including the sophisticated centralised government created by the procedures of the new systems of governance, and extensive land holdings in . But after King was crowned in the early 13th century, a series of stunning failures on his part led the English to revolt and place checks on the king's power.
France

King John's actions in France were a major cause of discontent in the realm. At the time of his accession to the throne after death, there were no set rules to define the line of succession. King John, as Richard's younger brother, was crowned over Richard's nephew, . As Arthur still had a claim over the empire, however, John needed the approval of the French King, . To get it, John gave to Philip vast tracts of the French-speaking Anjou territories.
When John later married , her previous fiancé ( , one of John's ) appealed to Philip, who then declared all of John's French lands, including the rich Normandy. Philip declared Arthur as the true ruler of the Anjou throne and invaded John's French holdings in mid-1202 to give it to him. John had to act to save face, but his eventual actions did not achieve this—he ended up killing Arthur in suspicious circumstances, thus losing the little support he had from his French barons.
After the defeat of John's allies at the , Philip retained all of John's northern French territories, including Normandy (although the remained in English hands for a time). As a result, John was revealed as a weak military leader, and one who lost to the French a major source of income, neither of which made him popular at home. Worse, to recoup his expenses, John would have to further tax the already unhappy barons.
Note: John's nickname of "Lackland" does not refer to these losses to France, but to the fact that, unlike his elder brothers, he had received no land rights on the continent at birth.
The Church

At the time of John’s reign there was still a great deal of controversy as to how the was to be elected, although it had become traditional that the monarch would appoint a candidate with the approval of the monks of Canterbury.
But in the early 13th century, the began to want a say. To retain control, the monks elected one of their number to the role. But John, incensed at his lack of involvement in the proceedings, sent the to Rome as his choice. declared both choices as invalid and persuaded the monks to elect , who in fact was probably the best choice. But John refused to accept this choice and exiled the monks from the realm. Infuriated, Innocent ordered an (prevention of public worship - mass, marriages, the ringing of church bells, etc.) in England in 1208, John in 1209, and backed Philip to invade England in 1212.
John finally backed down and agreed to endorse Langton and allow the exiles to return, and to completely placate the pope he gave England and as papal territories and rented them back as a for 1,000 marks per annum. This further enraged the barons as it meant that they had even less autonomy in their own lands.
Taxes

Despite all of this, England's government could not function without a strong king. The efficient , established by the powerful King , had run England throughout the reign of . But the government of King John needed money for armies, for during this period of prosperity soldiers cost nearly twice as much as before. The loss of the French territories, especially Normandy, greatly reduced the state income and a huge tax would have to be raised in order to attempt to reclaim these territories. Yet it was difficult to raise taxes due to the tradition of keeping them at the same level.
Novel forms of income included a Forest law, a set of regulations about the king’s forest which were easily broken and severely punished. John also increased the pre-existing (feudal payment to an overlord replacing direct military service) eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in twice that period covering three monarchs before him. The last two of these increases were double the increase of their predecessors. He also imposed the first income tax which raised what was, at the time, the extortionate sum of £60,000.
Rebellion and civil war



John of England signs Magna Carta—illustration from Cassell's History of England (1902)
By 1215, some of the barons of England banded together and took by force on , . They and many of the fence-sitting moderates not in overt rebellion forced King John to agree to a document called the "Articles of the Barons", to which his was attached in the meadow at on , . In return, the barons renewed their oaths of to King John on , . A formal document to record the agreement was created by the royal on : this was the original Magna Carta. An unknown number of copies of it were sent out to officials, such as royal and bishops.
The most significant clause for King John at the time was clause 61, known as the "security clause", the longest portion of the document. This established a committee of 25 barons who could at any time meet and over-rule the will of the King, through force by seizing his castles and possessions if needed. This was based on a medieval legal practice known as , which was commonly done, but it was the first time it had been applied to a monarch. In addition, the King was to take an oath of loyalty to the committee.
King John had no intention to honour Magna Carta, as it was sealed under extortion by force, and clause 61 essentially neutered his power as a monarch, making him King in name only. He renounced it as soon as the barons left London, plunging England into a , called the . Pope Innocent III also annulled the "shameful and demeaning agreement, forced upon the king by violence and fear." He rejected any call for rights, saying it impaired King John's dignity. He saw it as an affront to the Church's authority over the king and released John from his oath to obey it.
Magna Carta re-issued

John died in the middle of the war, from , on , , and this quickly changed the nature of the war. His nine-year-old son, , was next in line for the throne. The royalists believed the rebel barons would find the idea of loyalty to the child Henry more palatable, and so the child was swiftly crowned in late October 1216 and the war ended.
Henry's reissued Magna Carta in his name on , , omitting some clauses, such as clause 61, and again in . When he turned 18 in , Henry III himself reissued Magna Carta again, this time in a shorter version with only 37 articles.
Henry III ruled for 56 years (the longest reign of an in the period) so that by the time of his death in , Magna Carta had become a settled part of English legal precedent, and more difficult for a future monarch to annul as King John had attempted nearly three generations earlier.
Henry III's son and heir 's reissued Magna Carta for the final time on as part of a called Confirmatio cartarum (25 Edw. I), reconfirming Henry III's shorter version of Magna Carta from 1225.

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