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Linking words
A-Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, so, yet for) (Coordination)
The use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunction is called parallel structure. The conjunctions used in this pattern are: and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for.
â« and aâºSheila and her friend are coming to dinner.
bâºSusan raised her hand and snapped her fingers.
câºHe is waving his arms and shouting at us.
dâºSteve, Joe, and Alice are coming to dinner.
eâºThe colours in that fabric are red, yellow, green, and blue.
â«but fâºthese shoes are old but comfortable.
â«or gâºHe wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music.
â«yet hâºThe pop star was very old, yet she was very beautiful.
â«nor ıâº_A: I do not like wearing blue jeans.
_B: Nor, do I.
â«so jâºIt was getting dark, so the team stopped searching for the lost girl.
kâºThe child was very hungry, so he ate a big sandwich.
â«for lâºFor it was getting dark, the team stopped searching for the lost girl.
mâºThe child ate a big sandwich, for he was very hungry.
nâºFor the child was hungry, he ate a big sandwich.
B-Using Paired Conjunctions (Correlative Conjunctions)
(bothâ¦and, not onlyâ¦but also, either⦠or, neither â¦nor)
â« aâºBoth my mother and my sister are here.
â« bâºNot only my mother but also my sister is here.
â« câºNeither my mother nor my sister is here.
â« dâºNeither my mother nor my sisters are here.
NOTE: Two subjects connected by bothâ¦and take a plural verb.
When two subjects are connected by not only⦠but also, either⦠or, neither â¦nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
eâºThe research project will take both time and money.(both+noun +and+noun)
fâºYesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed.(not only+verb+ but also+verb)
gâºI will take either chemistry or physics next quarter. (either+noun+ or+ noun)
hâºThe book is neither interesting nor accurate. (neither +adj. +or +adj.)
NOTE: The same grammatical form should follow each word of the pair.
C-Clauses of Time
â«â¦after aâºAfter she graduates, she will get a job.
bâºAfter she (had) graduated, she got a job.
â«â¦beforeâ¦â¦...câºI will leave before he comes.
dâºI (had) left before he came.
â«â¦whenâ¦â¦....eâºWhen I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
fâºWhen I got there, he had already left.
gâºWhen it began to rain, I stood under a tree.
hâºWhen I was in Ankara, I visited some of the museums there.
iâºWhen I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
â«â¦whileâ¦â¦... jâºWhile I was walking home, it began to rain.
â¦â¦asâ¦â¦â¦â¦kâºAs was walking home, it began to rain.
â«â¦by the time..lâºBy the time he arrived, we had already left.
mâºBy the time he comes, we will already have left.
Note:We generally use past perfect or future perfect tense in the main clause when âby the timeâ is used.
â«â¦sinceâ¦â¦â¦.nâºI have not seen him since he left this morning.
â¦â¦untilâ¦â¦â¦.oâºWe stayed there until we finished our work.
pâºWe stayed there till we finished our work.
Note: âTillâ is used especially in spoken language, so it is less formal than âuntilâ.
â«â¦as soon asâ¦qâºAs soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
â¦â¦onceâ¦â¦â¦râºOnce it stops raining, we will leave.
â«â¦as long asâ¦sâºI will never speak to him again as long as I live.
â¦...so long asâ¦tâºI will never speak to him again so long as I live.
â«â¦wheneverâ¦uâºWhenever I see her, I say âHelloâ.
â¦...every time..vâºEvery time I see her, I say âHelloâ.
D-After and afterwards
aâºAfter I ate dinner, I took a walk.
bâºI ate dinner.Afterwards, I took a walk.
I ate dinner. I took a walk afterwards.
Note:âAfterwardsâ is an adverb which means âlater, after thatâ.
E-Clauses of Place (wherever,anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, where)
aâºBecause I have good car now, I can go wherever I want.
bâºI could not find a suitable place where there is no noise.(Relative adverb)
câºYou will see such people wherever you go.
dâºHave you found a wallet anywhere in the house?
F-Clauses of Reason
â«â¦becauseâ¦â¦aâºBecause he was sleepy, he immediately went to bed.
bâºHe immediately went to bed because he was sleepy.
â«â¦sinceâ¦â¦â¦câºSince he was sleepy, he immediately went to bed.
dâºHe immediately went to bed since he was sleepy.
â«â¦now thatâ¦..eâºNow that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days.
Note: âNow thatâ means âbecause nowâ. It is used for present and future situations.
â«â¦asâ¦â¦â¦â¦fâºAs she had nothing to do, she phoned a friend and called him to her house.
â«â¦as long as.â¦gâºAs long as (so long as ) you are not busy now, could you help me with this work?
â«.inasmuch asâ¦hâºInasmuch as the two leaders could not reach an agreement, there is almost no possibility for peace.
â«â¦due toâ¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦...iâºHe failed his classes due to his laziness.
jâºWe stayed home due to the cold weather.
kâºDue to the cold weather, we stayed home.
â«â¦because of â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦...lâºWe stayed home because of the cold weather.
mâºBecause of the cold weather, we stayed home.
â«â¦due to the fact thatâ¦â¦...nâºDue to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home.
â¦because of the fact thatâ¦oâºBecause of the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home
NOTE:Because of / due to +noun or noun clause
Because of the fact that / due to the fact that + sentence
These are more formal than âdue to and becauseâ.
Clauses of Result and Purpose
â«soâ¦thatâ¦â¦â¦â¦there was so many people in the theatre that I could not get a ticket.
A-Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, so, yet for) (Coordination)
The use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunction is called parallel structure. The conjunctions used in this pattern are: and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for.
â« and aâºSheila and her friend are coming to dinner.
bâºSusan raised her hand and snapped her fingers.
câºHe is waving his arms and shouting at us.
dâºSteve, Joe, and Alice are coming to dinner.
eâºThe colours in that fabric are red, yellow, green, and blue.
â«but fâºthese shoes are old but comfortable.
â«or gâºHe wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music.
â«yet hâºThe pop star was very old, yet she was very beautiful.
â«nor ıâº_A: I do not like wearing blue jeans.
_B: Nor, do I.
â«so jâºIt was getting dark, so the team stopped searching for the lost girl.
kâºThe child was very hungry, so he ate a big sandwich.
â«for lâºFor it was getting dark, the team stopped searching for the lost girl.
mâºThe child ate a big sandwich, for he was very hungry.
nâºFor the child was hungry, he ate a big sandwich.
B-Using Paired Conjunctions (Correlative Conjunctions)
(bothâ¦and, not onlyâ¦but also, either⦠or, neither â¦nor)
â« aâºBoth my mother and my sister are here.
â« bâºNot only my mother but also my sister is here.
â« câºNeither my mother nor my sister is here.
â« dâºNeither my mother nor my sisters are here.
NOTE: Two subjects connected by bothâ¦and take a plural verb.
When two subjects are connected by not only⦠but also, either⦠or, neither â¦nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
eâºThe research project will take both time and money.(both+noun +and+noun)
fâºYesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed.(not only+verb+ but also+verb)
gâºI will take either chemistry or physics next quarter. (either+noun+ or+ noun)
hâºThe book is neither interesting nor accurate. (neither +adj. +or +adj.)
NOTE: The same grammatical form should follow each word of the pair.
C-Clauses of Time
â«â¦after aâºAfter she graduates, she will get a job.
bâºAfter she (had) graduated, she got a job.
â«â¦beforeâ¦â¦...câºI will leave before he comes.
dâºI (had) left before he came.
â«â¦whenâ¦â¦....eâºWhen I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
fâºWhen I got there, he had already left.
gâºWhen it began to rain, I stood under a tree.
hâºWhen I was in Ankara, I visited some of the museums there.
iâºWhen I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
â«â¦whileâ¦â¦... jâºWhile I was walking home, it began to rain.
â¦â¦asâ¦â¦â¦â¦kâºAs was walking home, it began to rain.
â«â¦by the time..lâºBy the time he arrived, we had already left.
mâºBy the time he comes, we will already have left.
Note:We generally use past perfect or future perfect tense in the main clause when âby the timeâ is used.
â«â¦sinceâ¦â¦â¦.nâºI have not seen him since he left this morning.
â¦â¦untilâ¦â¦â¦.oâºWe stayed there until we finished our work.
pâºWe stayed there till we finished our work.
Note: âTillâ is used especially in spoken language, so it is less formal than âuntilâ.
â«â¦as soon asâ¦qâºAs soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
â¦â¦onceâ¦â¦â¦râºOnce it stops raining, we will leave.
â«â¦as long asâ¦sâºI will never speak to him again as long as I live.
â¦...so long asâ¦tâºI will never speak to him again so long as I live.
â«â¦wheneverâ¦uâºWhenever I see her, I say âHelloâ.
â¦...every time..vâºEvery time I see her, I say âHelloâ.
D-After and afterwards
aâºAfter I ate dinner, I took a walk.
bâºI ate dinner.Afterwards, I took a walk.
I ate dinner. I took a walk afterwards.
Note:âAfterwardsâ is an adverb which means âlater, after thatâ.
E-Clauses of Place (wherever,anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, where)
aâºBecause I have good car now, I can go wherever I want.
bâºI could not find a suitable place where there is no noise.(Relative adverb)
câºYou will see such people wherever you go.
dâºHave you found a wallet anywhere in the house?
F-Clauses of Reason
â«â¦becauseâ¦â¦aâºBecause he was sleepy, he immediately went to bed.
bâºHe immediately went to bed because he was sleepy.
â«â¦sinceâ¦â¦â¦câºSince he was sleepy, he immediately went to bed.
dâºHe immediately went to bed since he was sleepy.
â«â¦now thatâ¦..eâºNow that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days.
Note: âNow thatâ means âbecause nowâ. It is used for present and future situations.
â«â¦asâ¦â¦â¦â¦fâºAs she had nothing to do, she phoned a friend and called him to her house.
â«â¦as long as.â¦gâºAs long as (so long as ) you are not busy now, could you help me with this work?
â«.inasmuch asâ¦hâºInasmuch as the two leaders could not reach an agreement, there is almost no possibility for peace.
â«â¦due toâ¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦...iâºHe failed his classes due to his laziness.
jâºWe stayed home due to the cold weather.
kâºDue to the cold weather, we stayed home.
â«â¦because of â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦...lâºWe stayed home because of the cold weather.
mâºBecause of the cold weather, we stayed home.
â«â¦due to the fact thatâ¦â¦...nâºDue to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home.
â¦because of the fact thatâ¦oâºBecause of the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home
NOTE:Because of / due to +noun or noun clause
Because of the fact that / due to the fact that + sentence
These are more formal than âdue to and becauseâ.
Clauses of Result and Purpose
â«soâ¦thatâ¦â¦â¦â¦there was so many people in the theatre that I could not get a ticket.
