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GREECE
GEOGRAPHY
Greece consists of a mountainous and craggy mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans. The Peloponnesus peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth); and numerous islands (around 3,000), including Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Chios, the Dodecanese and the Cycladic groups of the Aegean Sea as well as the Ionian Sea islands. Greece has the 10th longest coastline in the world with over 15,000 kilometres; its land boundary is 1,160 kilometres (721 mi).
Four fifths of Greece consist of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and it is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. Pindus has a maximum elevation of 2,636 metres (8,648 ft) and it is essentially a prolongation of the Dinaric Alps.
The range continues through the western Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and find its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. (The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland). Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. Most notably, the impressive Meteora formation consisting of high, steep boulders provides a breathtaking experience for the hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit the area each year. Special lifts transfer visitors to the scenic monasteries that lie on top of those rocks. Meteora is situated in the Trikala prefecture. The Vikos-Aoos Gorge is yet another spectacular formation. The Vikos-Aoos Gorge is a popular hotspot for those fond of extreme sports. The mythical Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in the country, located in the southwestern Pieria prefecture, near Thessaloniki. Mytikas in the Olympus range has a height of 2,919 metres (9,570 ft) at its highest peak. Once considered the throne of the Gods, it is today extremely popular among hikers and climbers who deem its height as a challenge. Moreover, northeastern Greece features yet another high altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests. The famous Dadia forest is in the prefecture of Evros, in the far northeast of the country.
Expansive plains are primarily located in the prefectures of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Volos and Larissa are the two largest cities of Thessaly.
Rare marine species such as the Pinniped Seals and the Loggerhead Sea Turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the lynx, the Roe Deer and the Wild Goat.
EDUCATİON
Compulsory education is comprised of Primary Schools (Dimotikó Scholeio, Greek: Δημοτικό Σχολείο) and Gymnasia (Greek: Γυμνάσιο). There are also kindergartens (Paidikós Stathmós, Greek: Παιδικός σταθμός) and nursery schools (Nipiagogeío, Greek: Νηπιαγωγείο) , albeit popular, are not of compulsory attendance. Attendance at Primary Schools lasts for six years and children are admitted at the age of 6. There are also all-day primary schools in operation with an extended timetable and an enriched syllabus. Attendance at Gymnasia starts at the age of 12 and last for three years.
Post-compulsory Secondary Education, consists of two school types: Eniaia Lykeia (Unified Upper Secondary Schools, Greek: Ενιαίο Λύκειο) and the Technical Vocational Educational Schools (TEE, Greek: Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια). Post-compulsory Secondary Education also includes the Vocational Training Institutes (IEK, Greek: Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης), which provide formal but unclassified level of education. These Institutes are not classified as an educational level, because they accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates according to the relevant specializations they provide.
Public higher education is divided into Universities, the so called Highest Educational Institutions (Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, Greek: Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, ΑΕΙ) and the Highest Technological Educational Institutions (Anótata Technologiká Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, Greek: Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, ATEI). Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students are admitted to the Hellenic Open University upon the completion of the 22 year of age by drawing lots.
Formal education is characterized by the fixed length of study, the possibility of repetition and the award of a formal school-leaving certificate which is the official authorization. As a consequence of the classification of the education institutions, a title (school-leaving certificate, degree etc.) is compulsory for students at each education level in order to continue to the next.
The Greek Education System also provides Special kindergartens, primary and secondary education schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. Musical, Ecclesiastical and Physical Education Gymnasia and High Schools are also in operation.
CULTURE
Greek culture evolved over thousands of years, with its beginnings in the Mycenean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing into Classical Greece, the birth of the Hellenistic era and through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern successor the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire also had a significant influence on Greek culture, but the Greek war of independence is credited with revitalizing Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture throughout the ages.
RELİGİON
The majority of Greek citizens (95-98%) are baptised into the Greek Orthodox Church and most of them celebrate at least the main religious feasts, especially Pascha (Greek Orthodox Easter). According to the US Department of State, the Greek Government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. The Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report of 2005 maintains that approximately 97 percent of citizens identify themselves at least nominally with the Greek Orthodox faith. Estimates of the officially recognised Muslim minority range from 98,000 to 140,000, while the immigrant Muslim community is between 100,000 and 300,000. In an address to the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of Greece on 10 October 2006 Archbishop Christodoulos stated: "Today more than 500,000 Moslems live in our country." Greek members of the Roman Catholic faith (including both Byzantine Greek Catholics and Latin Catholics) are estimated at 50,000, with the immigrant Catholic community (mostly Poles and Byzantine Catholic Ukrainians) approximating 200,000. The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 30,000 active members. The State Department report calculates Protestants, including Evangelicals, at about 30,000. The two biggest Protestant denominations are the: Greek Evangelical Church and the Free Evangelical Church. The independent Pentecostal denomination, Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is very active with over than 20,000 members.There are also 12,000 Pentecostals from many different churches. In Greece you can find some Adventists, Mormons and Quakers. The longstanding Jewish community numbers approximately 5,000 adherents, about 2,000 of whom reside in Thessaloniki. The worship of Ancient Greek religion is also making a comeback, with approximately 2,000 adherents.
According to the most recent Eurostat Eurobarometer poll, in 2005,81% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God", whereas 16% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 3% that they "do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force". Greece's percentage of respondents asserting that they "believe there is a God" was the third highest among EU members.
GREEKS
The Greeks (Greek: Έλληνες—"Hellenes") are a nation and a people, who have populated Greece from the 17th century BC to the present day. Today they are primarily found in the Greek peninsula of southeastern Europe, the Greek islands and Cyprus.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean but Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean coasts, where the Greek language has been spoken since anquity. Until the early 20th century Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus and Constantinople, regions which coincided to a very large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the areas of Greek colonization in the ancient world. In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) in 1923, a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined ethnic Greeks almost entirely into the borders of the modern Greek state, that is, in areas where groups of Greek-speaking Indo-Europeans first established themselves about 1500 BC, as well as in Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from Southern Italy to the Caucasus and diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, the vast majority of Greeks are at least nominally adherents of Greek Orthodoxy.
Language
Greeks speak the Greek language, an Indo-European language which forms a branch in itself, although seems to be more closely related to Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian) and the Indo-Iranian languages. Greek literature has a continuous history of nearly 3,000 years, and has been written in the Greek alphabet since the 9th century BC.
Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with Romanian, Albanian and Bulgarian (see Balkan sprachbund), and has absorbed numerous foreign words (primarily of western European or Turkish origin). Due to the movement of Philhellenism in the 19th century in the rest of Europe, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the usage of Katharevusa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the Greek parliament voted to make Dhimotiki, the modern dialect of Athens, the official language, making Katharevusa obsolete.
Some members of the diaspora cannot speak the Greek language, but are still considered Greeks by ethnic origin or descent.
Greek has a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, which in addition to official variety (Standard Modern Greek - Κοινή Νεοελληνική), include the Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko (Calabrian Greek) and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek) varieties. Yevanic, also known as Romaniote or Judeo-Greek, is the language of the Greek Jews (Romaniotes), and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel.
In addition to Greek, many Greeks in Greece are bilingual in other languages. Such languages include Arvanitic, Aromanian (also known as Vlach), Slavic (also known as Dopia), Russian, Italian and Turkish. In the diaspora, most Greeks also speak the languages of the areas in which they live.